Veterinary Medicine In-between Health & Economy (VMHE) 16-19 October 2018

ISOLATION AND INITIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A Myoviridae PHAGE FOR CONTROLLING ZOONOTIC Salmonella Typhimurium AND Salmonella Enteritidis FROM BROILERS IN EGYPT

2018-12-27T13:54:55+01:00

This study targeted isolation and characterization of phage against multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis recovered from broilers and to evaluate the lytic effect of the phage on growth of Salmonella serovars. Salmonella isolates were recovered from caecal contents, liver and breast meat of broiler chickens from retail outlets at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Salmonella Typhimurium (n=14) and S. Enteritidis (n=11) were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibilities against 15 antimicrobials by disc diffusion method. Isolates of S. Typhimutium and S. Enteritidis were 100% resistant to seven antimicrobial agents. The phage was isolated from Zagazig sewage water by spot test and double over layer agar assay. The phage designated as phiSalmchick1showed an icosahedral head and contractile tail structure in electron microscopy, indicating a member of the family Myoviridae. The phage was a polyvalent infecting a wide host range of all MDR strains of S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Paratyphi, E. coli serotypes O26 and O168 and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Myovirus phage had burst size of 100 plague forming unit (PFU)/cell with latent period of 60 min. The phage genome had double-stranded DNA by molecular analysis. The lytic effect of phiSalmchick1 phage was in vitro assessed on growth of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis isolates by measuring the optical density (OD) of the liquid media during Salmonella growth at 37 °C and the multiplicity of infection (MOI) was equal to 1.0. Significant reductions were observed in OD of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis treated with the phage after 24 hrs incubation compared to the controls (P<0.05). The myovirus has a high potential for phage application to control zoonotic and MDR Salmonella serovars isolated from broiler chickens in Egypt.

Key words: multidrug resistant; Salmonella serovars; Myoviridae phage; broiler chickens; in vitro control

GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF EGYPTIAN NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS STRAINS ISOLATED FROM FLOCKS VACCINATED AGAINST NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS, 2014-2015

2018-12-16T23:29:26+01:00

In the present study, forty-five chicken flocks suspected to be infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in Sharkia Governorate were submitted for clinical and postmortem examination as well as virus isolation and sero-molecular identification. Forty samples were positive for hemagglutinating viruses, 15/40 (37.5%) were confirmed positive isolates against NDV antiserum, 12/40 (30%) were positive isolates against both NDV and AIV (H5) antisera and 9/40 (22.5%) were positive against AIV antiserum using serological identification. Twenty-seven NDV isolates were confirmed positive by molecular identification; twelve of them were confirmed as virulent NDV strains using specific primers. A fragment of 766-bp comprising the 3' end of the M gene and the 5' end of the F gene was sequenced from four amplified products, revealing that these isolates carried the 112RRQKRF117 motif, which is characteristic of virulent strains. The investigated strains were clustered with a class II genotype VIId with large genetic distance with the LaSota strain. This is alarming given the potential evolution of different virulent NDVs and may explain the circulation of these virulent strains among Egyptian poultry farms despite the application of intensive vaccination programs.

Key words: Sharkia; NDV; genotype VIId; poultry; PCR

EFFECT OF GINGER DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, IMMUNE RESPONSE AND VACCINE EFFICACY IN Oreochromis niloticus CHALLENGED WITH Aeromonas hydrophila

2018-12-16T23:34:13+01:00

Ginger powder was used in the current study for the improvement of the growth performance and the efficacy of Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) vaccination in Oreochromis niloticus. A total of 120 apparently healthy fish were classified into 2 equal groups. The control fish received a basal diet and ginger group received a basal diet enriched with 1% ginger powder. The feeding period lasted for 2 months and the growth performance indicators were measured. Next, each group was allocated into 2 equal groups to be 4 groups. G1: received basal diet, G2: received basal diet then vaccinated with A. hydrophila vaccine, G3: received ginger supplemented diet, and G4: received ginger supplemented diet then vaccinated with A. hydrophila vaccine. One-week post vaccination, fish were challenged with A. hydrophila bacteria. Fish fed 1% ginger supplemented diet had a marked increase in growth performance parameters and utilized their feed more efficiently than those received the basal diet. Nitric oxide, IgM and lysozyme activity were significantly differed among fish groups in order of G4 >G2 > G3 > G1. Ginger and/or A. hydrophila vaccine reduced the clinical signs, mortality rate as well as the elevation of alanine aminotransferase and creatinine which induced by A. hydrophila infection. It could be inferred that ginger has been suggested as growth promoter and immune-stimulant in O. niloticus and increase efficacy of A. hydrophila vaccine, which increase protection against A. hydrophila infection.

Key words: ginger; O. niloticus; growth performance; immunity; vaccine

NEUROCHEMICAL, HEMATOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS RELATED TO ESZOPICLONE ADMINISTRATION IN RATS

2018-11-14T13:49:31+01:00

This study aimed to shed light on the effect of eszopiclone (ESZ) administration once daily for 30 consecutive days at night time on some neurochemical, behavioral and hematological criteria. A total of 27 male Wister albino rats were assigned to one of three drug treatment groups, vehicle, Eszopiclone (3mg/kg) and (6mg/kg). After 30 days of Eszopiclone administration, the neurochemical analysis revealed a significant reduction in serotonin and glutamate (306.44 ng/ml, 4.33 nmol /μl, respectively) in 6mg/kg treated animals, furthermore dopamine levels were significantly higher in rats treated with Eszopiclone (3mg/kg or 6mg/kg) in compare to control group. Reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels revealed a significant decrease (0.15 μmol /gm tissue, 25.24 μmol /gm tissue, 1.93 Unit/gmtissue, respectively), while the malondialdehyde levels (15.79 nmol /gm tissue) demonstrated a significant increase in animals treated with 6 mg of ezopiclone. Behavioral assessment was carried out 3 times throughout the study (once/2 weeks) by video recording. It was recorded in 5 tests, including open field, the hole-board, inclined plain, grip and tail suspension tests. There were no changes between the rats in 3 mg/kg of ezopiclone and those in the control group. The rats in 6 mg/kg of ezopiclone showed less response in all behavioral observations, with significant decreases in inclined plain angle (23.35), exploratory time (17 second) and exploratory frequency (2 frequencies) in compare to other groups. The results support the concept that the administration of eszpiclone more than 3 mg/kg may lead to the behavioral changes. There were no serious adverse events regarding hematological indices. It is concluded that eszopiclone administration causes an imbalance between different neurotransmitters in the cerebrum. A marked decrease in antioxidant scavenging capacity with a behavioral alteration in 6mg/kg treated animals. The maximum safe dose of eszopiclone was 3mg/kg and more than this dose could lead to a deleterious reactions as evidenced in this study.

Key words: eszopiclone; neurotransmitters; behavior; hematology

TOXIC METAL RESIDUES IN NON-EDIBLE ANIMAL BYPRODUCTS

2018-11-14T13:55:25+01:00

Environmental pollution by heavy metals is a major problem worldwide. Domesticated animals such as cattle and camel share the same environmental conditions like human and they are exposed to heavy metals via different sources. Therefore, these animals are considered as ideal bio-indicators for human exposure to heavy metals. Heavy metals accumulate in the different tissues of the animals. Estimation of toxic metal residues such as arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in the animal edible tissues had been extensively studied. However, estimation of such toxicants in the non-edible animal byproducts had received little attention. Additionally, non-edible animal byproducts are frequently used in many industries such as animal feed additives and leather fabrication. Therefore, this study was undertaken to estimate the residual concentrations of As, Hg, Pb and Cd in the hair, hides and bones of cattle and camel slaughtered at Zagazig, Abo-Hammad and Belbies cities, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Metal-metal correlations were additionally calculated. The achieved results indicated exposure of cattle and camel to high levels of heavy metals, particularly lead and arsenic. Camel had higher concentrations (mg/kg ww) of arsenic compared with cattle particularly in hair (38.57 ± 8.77 and 22.48 ± 1.91 in camel and cattle, respectively). Bone had the highest load of the measured metals among examined samples. For instances, in camel, elemental concentrations (mg/kg ww) in bone were 34.53 ± 6.16 (As), 3.41 ± 0.56 (Hg), 2.76 ± 0.36 (Pb) and 0.11 ± 0.01 (Cd). Samples collected from Zagazig city were highly contaminated compared with other locations. Significant positive correlations were observed between lead - mercury, lead - cadmium and arsenic- mercury (r <0.0001 in each). Contaminated non-edible animal byproducts should be hygienically disposed and avoid its introduction to downstream industries. It is highly recommended to control environmental pollution with heavy metals in Egypt.

Key words: bone; domesticated animals; hair; heavy metals; hide

CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF USING FORMALIZED KILLED VACCINE ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH PROPOLIS AGAINST Pasteurella multocida CHALLENGE IN RABBITS

2018-11-14T14:32:59+01:00

Pasteurellosis is a common and troublesome issue of rabbits causing serious disorders. The immunization procedures are constantly the greatest preventive measures. In the present study, 40 New Zealand rabbits were used to investigate the protective efficacy of formalized Pasteurella multocida vaccine alone or in combination with propolis. The animals were divided into four equal groups (I-IV); negative control group, challenged non-vaccinated group, vaccinated challenged group and vaccinated propolis administered challenged group respectively. At the end of the 2^nd and 6^th weeks of the experiment, blood samples were collected from ear vein of rabbits for hematological, plasma, and serum examinations. The rabbits were then anaesthetized and sacrificed to collect tissue specimens from liver, kidneys, spleen and lungs for histopathological study. The results showed that using of propolis in combination with killed vaccine of Pasteurella multocida improved the immune response by increasing the leukocyte phagocytic activity against Pasteurella multocida (from 23.80% to 60.80%). Moreover, the clinicopathological findings including hemogram (RBCs count, Hb content, PCV, RBCs indices, platelets, total and differential leukocytes count), and hepato-renal function tests (ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), as well as, histopathological findings were better in infected rabbits treated with propolis- killed vaccine than using killed vaccine alone.

Key words: propolis; pasteurellosis; phagocytosis; nitric oxide; P. formalized killed vaccine

DIVERSITY OF ARTHRODERMATACEAE COMMUNITIES THAT CREATE HAVOC TO THE OVERALL HEALTH OF HUMAN AND ANIMALS

2018-12-17T14:43:22+01:00

Keratinous substance rich soil is most conducive for keratinophilic fungi growth and occurrence. Dermatophytes and other related fungi are potential pathogens causing human and animal dermatomycoses. Herein, this study went for screening the presence of dermatophytes and related keratinophilic fungi in various soil samples collected from different locations of Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. A total of 80 soil samples from roadsides, fields and stables were subjected for mycological analysis using modified hair-bait technique with hair of horse, cattle and goat, sheep wool, and chicken feathers as a keratin source for keratinophilic fungi growth. Keratinophilic fungi were identified according to their phenotypical characterization in combination with PCR amplification and sequencing for internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA. Keratinophilic fungi were recovered from 73.75% of soil samples (59/80). Field soils yielded a higher positivity rate for keratinophilic fungal isolates (90%) than roadsides (66.67%) and stables (58.82%). The majority of keratinophilic fungi belonged to dermatophytes (57.47%). Microsporum gypseum (50.85%) were detected in the majority of sites followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (30.51%), Chrysosporium species (28.81%), C. keratinophilium (23.73%), C. tropicum, C. zonatum, Arthroderma multifidum, Arthroderma benhami, Arthroderma fulvum, Clonostachys species, Simplicillium obclavatum and Purpureocillium lilacinum (1.69%, each). It was found that horse and goat hair were more suitable for isolation of keratinophilic fungi with a percentage of 100% for each, followed by cattle hair (91.66%), sheep wool (87.5%) and chicken feathers (83.33%). This investigation demonstrated that the various soils of Sharkia Governorate might be critical suppliers of certain keratinophilic fungi that may constitute hazards to human and animal health. The genetic-based identification is strongly recommended for a high discriminatory identification of keratinophilic fungi.

Key words: keratinophilic fungi; geophilic dermatophytes; Arthroderma benhami; Arthroderma fulvum; ITS sequencing

EFFECT OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT (AZADIRACHTA INDICA) ON Chlamydophila psittaci INFECTION IN BROILER CHICKENS

2018-12-17T14:47:04+01:00

Chlamydophila psittaci is considered one of the important bacterial agents which affecting poultry with zoonotic importance to human health. This study designed to investigate the antibacterial action of aqueous neem leaves extract (Azadirachta indica) against experimentally infected broiler chickens with chlamydia. Seventy, one day old Hubbard chicks were randomly selected and divided equally into seven groups, three of the infected groups were treated with neem extract at varied concentration of 4%, 6% and 8% in drinking water compared with the fourth that treated with oxytetracycline. Based on clinical and postmortem examination, growth performance, serum biochemical analysis and histopathological findings the results were evaluated. Chicks received 8% extract at 8 days old for five successive days and control showed normal level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, uric acid and creatinine 30 U/L, 26 U/L, 3.90 mg/dl and 0.67 mg/dl respectively, while treated infected groups revealed lower levels unlike infected untreated showed higher levels 68 U/L, 62 U/L, 5.20 mg/dl and 1.62 mg/dl respectively. Moreover treated groups with neem extract of 4%, 6% and 8% recorded significantly better body weights 1130.56 gm, 1135.70 gm and 1254.60 gm respectively, than infected untreated group 963.25 gm at 32 days old as well as feed conversion rate 2.26, 1.94 and 1.77 than 3.80 respectively, at 24 days old. Histopathological examination of infected group showed pulmonary inflammation, myocarditis and hepatic necrotic foci while confirmed that treatment with 8% neem extract resulted in complete recovery of lung tissue and normal myocardium. It is concluded that aqueous leaves neem extract especially 8% concertation had an excellent antichlamydial medication without side effects and recommended in the control of chicken chlamydiosis.

Key words: broilers; Chlamydophila psittaci; neem; oxytetracycline; enzymes

UPREGULATION OF miR-155 IMPAIRS WHITE MATTER SPARING AT THE INJURY AREA FOLLOWING CONTUSIVE SPINAL CORD INJURY IN MICE

2018-12-18T15:05:53+01:00

This study was conducted to characterize the effect of miR-155 overexpression on white matter sparing and lesion size following contusion injury of spinal cord in mice. 60 C57BL/6J wild-type and 60 B6.Cg miR-155 knockout mice were used to induce moderate to severe contusive spinal cord injury at T9 segment. All used mice were female, 8–20 weeks old and weighing 18⁺gm. Mice were divided into two main groups; for Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and histology, then subdivided into five subgroups; 1, 3, 7, 14 and 42 days after the contusion according to time point, each was compared to naive control group. Fresh and fixed tissue were taken from thoracic segments (lesion area) from all time points, dissected and then evaluated using RT-PCR and histology (Eriochrome stain), respectively. We identified significant upregulation of miR-155 at the lesion site by 3 days and continued up to 6 weeks after the injury. Following spinal cord injury, the miR-155 overexpression was accompanied with severe cord damage and less tissue repair while more white matter sparing and smaller lesion size were detected in miR-155 knockout group.

Key words: miR-155; spinal cord injury; sontusion; spicenter; shite matter sparing

HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS AND THEIR RISK ASSESSMENT IN MARKETED SLAUGHTERED ANIMALS IN SHARKIA GOVERNORATE, EGYPT

2018-11-14T15:22:17+01:00

Toxic metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) and essential trace elements (copper and zinc) were analyzed in a total number of 120 samples of muscle, kidney and liver collected from camel, cattle, buffalo and sheep using atomic absorption spectrophotometer after wet digestion. The concentrations of heavy metals ranged from 0.17 ± 0.6 to 0.49 ± 0.09, 0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.12 ± 0.03, 0.39 ± 0.1 to 1.19 ± 0.18, 0.10 ± 0.04 to 8.82±1.01 and 3.25 ± 0.16 to 8.35± 1.33 mg/kg for lead, cadmium, mercury, copper and zinc, respectively. In general, the liver samples had the highest level of lead and mercury, while kidney samples showed the highest content of cadmium as compared with muscle samples. Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels in all of samples were less than the Egyptian standard limits. The estimation of human health risk for adults revealed an estimated daily intake (EDI) value of muscle and offal below threshold of oral reference dose (RFD) for all metals analyzed. Hazard index (HI) and Hazard quotient (THQ) for all the analyzed metals were below 1, demonstrating that human health risk through consumption of meat and offal is not possible.

Key words: heavy metals; hlaughter animals; EDI; THQ; HI

Aeromonas hydrophila IN FISH AND HUMANS; PREVALENCE, VIRULOTYPING AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

2018-11-15T08:53:41+01:00

This work aimed to investigate the virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of A. hydrophila isolated from different sources in Damietta Governorate, Egypt. The samples comprised of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, n=150), mugil (Mugil cephalus, n=144), human stool (n=102) and fish sellers hand swabs (n=85). A total of 25 A. hydrophila isolates were recovered and molecularly confirmed, of which, 2.7% were from tilapia muscles, 2% from tilapia viscera, 6.3% from mugil viscera and 8.8% from stool samples. No isolates were recovered from mugil muscles and hand swabs. Phenotypic determination of heamolysis, lipolysis, proteolysis and gelatinase activity revealed that 60%, 56%, 60% and 100% were positive, respectively. Molecular identification of haemolysin (hly), aerolysin (aer), lipase (lip) and cytotoxic enterotoxins (act) virulence associated genes showed that 28%, 68%, 28% and 16% of the examined isolates were positive, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates to 17 antibiotics was determined, the most resistance pattern was observed for cefixime (88%), while, all of the isolates were susceptible to imipenem. This study revealed that A. hydrophila isolated from fish and humans showed several virulence factors and exhibit a wide range of antibiotic resistance which is considered a public health hazard as well as.

Key words: Aeromonas hydrophila; virulence; vntibiotic resistance; fish

PREDICTING THE OPTIMAL TIME OF BREEDING AND THE POSSIBLE APPROACHES FOR TREATMENT OF SOME ESTRUS CYCLE ABNORMALITIES IN BITCHES

2018-11-15T08:59:10+01:00

Infertility problem is a common syndrome among bitches and its causes are numerous, but the apparent most frequent cause is the mating at incorrect time. The aim of this study was to avoid the possible causes of infertility in bitches by predicting the optimal time of breeding and try to treat disorders in estrus cycles. A total number of 18 bitches of German shepherd breed were used in this study for monitoring phases of estrus cycle and predicting the optimal time of breeding. Those bitches examined by vaginal cytology, progesterone assay, measurement of vaginal PH, vaginal endoscopy and ultrasonographic examination of ovaries from proestrus to diestrus. By vaginal cytology, cornified cells first appeared on Day 4 from the beginning of proestrus, then increased till reached to 85% on Day 12 which is considered as the ovulation day. Measuring of progesterone concentration at the beginning of proestrus was very low (less than 1 ng/ml) then increased in 13 bitches only out of 18 bitches which used in this study till reach to 6.5 ± 1.37 ng/ml within ranges (4.8 to 8.3 ng/ml) on Day 12 from the beginning of proestrus. The other five bitches showed disorders in normal sequence of estrus cycle which was discovered by progesterone assay, vaginoscopy and ultrasonography of ovaries. Abnormalities in estrus cycle were recorded; two cases of anovulation and three bitches of persistent proestrus. As a trial for correcting the deviated estrus cycle, we injected hCG hormone in two anovulatory bitches for occurrence of ovulation, and also used methergine drug in cases of persistent proestrus as a trial for stoppage of continuous bloody discharge. The optimal time of breeding in 13 ovulatory bitches was within 2 to 3 days after ovulation day. Pregnancy rate after breeding by 20 days was recorded by ultrasonographic examination was 92.3 % (12/13 bitches). When applying these applications, we concluded that progesterone hormone assay was the accurate method for predicting the ovulation time and achieving higher pregnancy rate , and also can judge on estrus cycle if normal or abnormal.

Key words: bitch; bvulation; brogesterone assay; bersistent proestrus; hCG administration

MOLECULAR INVESTIGATION OF ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF BALANITES AEGYPTIACA FRUITS IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

2018-11-15T09:04:39+01:00

Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) is an anti-diabetic medicinal plant traditionally used in Egyptian folk medicine as alternative therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. No available studies revealed the mechanism(s) of the associated anti-diabetic effect especially at the molecular level. This study aimed to explore the possible molecular mechanism(s) that underline B. aegyptiaca fruits aqueous extract administration in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Four equal groups (n=10) of albino rats were used. The prepared aqueous extract of B. aegyptiaca fruits was given orally (80 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks) to normal control and streptozotocin (65 mg/kg BW, i. p.) -induced-diabetic rats. Administration of B. aegyptiaca fruits aqueous extract in diabetic rats significantly elevated the serum insulin (91%) and reduced serum glucose (54%), cholesterol (26%), triglycerides (16%) and LDL cholesterol (25%) compared to the diabetic control. Produced hypoglycemia in treated diabetic rats simultaneously accompanied at least by significant improving (p<0.05) of pancreatic insulin and α-amylase; hepatic insulin receptor A, glucose transporters (GLUT-2 and GLUT-4), and adipocyte leptin gene expressions. In conclusion: The anti-diabetic effect of B. aegyptiaca fruits aqueous extract was achieved by increasing insulin level as well as stimulating endogenous insulin secretion and enhancing its action at the target tissues. So it covered at least most of the main therapeutic strategies of diabetes. More studies are needed for preparation of a standardized dose and dosage regimen of active constituents of this promising fruit that can play a significant role in the management of type 2 diabetes and related complications.

Key words: Balanites aegyptiaca; streptozotocin; α-amylase; insulin receptor A; GLUT-2; GLUT-4; leptin

PREVALENCE AND PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF OVINE LUNGWORM IN NILE DELTA

2018-11-15T09:29:17+01:00

A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2017 to March 2018, to determine the prevalence of ovine lungworm infection, and to describe the related pathological lesions in naturally infected local breed sheep. A total of 200 whole lungs were collected from fifteen slaughter houses in Nile Delta, Egypt. The overall prevalence for ovine lungworm infection was 4.5%. The prevalence rates in Ossimi, Rahmani, and Barki breeds were 5.55, 4.28, and 2.5%, respectively. The only identified species of lungworms was Dictyocaulus filaria (D. filaria) (100%). Grossly, the fundamental lesions were multiple patchy consolidated pulmonary tissues with the presence of adult parasites mixed with foamy and sometimes mucous exudate in the lumens of trachea and bronchi. Histopathologically, alveolitis, obstructive bronchiolitis, bronchiolar hyperplasia, emphysema, granulomatous pneumonia, pleural thickening, peribronchiolar lymphoid hyperplasia and trapped different developmental stages and adult parasites besides degenerated and necrotic parasites in the pulmonary tissue were the hallmarks of the histopathological features. In conclusion, ovine lungworms were prevalent in sheep at Nile Delta, Egypt, causing significant damage to the lung and produce characteristic gross and microscopic lesions.

Key words: sheep; lung worm; Nile Delta; D. filarial

EVALUATION OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS ENRICHED DIET ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND IMMUNE RESPONSE OF OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS

2018-12-18T15:34:06+01:00

Two hundred and twenty five Oreochromis niloticus with average body weight 36±1 g, were distributed randomly into five groups in triplicates. The control group was fed on basal diet, while the other groups were supplemented with various levels of Spirulina platensis (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%) for 90 days. The growth performance, biochemical parameters (Alanine aminotransferase activity, Aspartate aminotransferase, Creatinine and cortisol), antioxidant effect (Reduced Glutathion enzyme), IgM and lysozyme were determined. Also, investigating the differences between fish fed the control diet and diet supplemented with Spirulina (1%) against the infection with pathogenic strain of Aeromonas hydrophila. The final body weight, gain percent and specific growth rate was significantly (P˂0.05) increased in fish fed on supplemented diet with Spirulina comparable with that fed on the control diet. The highest final body weight (49.60±0.52g), body gain (11.70±1.04g) and body gain (30.87±4.10%) were recorded in fish fed on diet supplemented with 2% Spirulina. Biochemical, immunological parameters and antioxidant enzyme (GSH) were improved in the group supplemented with Spirulina in comparing with fish fed on basal diet. The best result was recorded in-group fed on Spirulina supplemented diet by level of 1% at which the levels of IgM was 42.40 ±0.66 µg /ml, lysozyme level was 31.33 ±0.44 µg /ml and the level of GSH was 11.7 ±0.39 mg/g tissues. Moreover, Spirulina supplemented with (1%) in diet enhanced fish protection against A. hydrophila infection. The survival rate was (80%) in fish fed on diet supplemented with 1% Spirulina.

Key words: Spirulina; Oreochromis niloticus; growth; immunity

A STUDY ON BOVINE BABESIOSIS AND TREATMENT WITH REFERENCE TO HEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS

2018-12-16T23:23:44+01:00

This study was carried out during the period from May to December 2015 on thirty crossbred female cows in Sherbeen city, Dakahlia Governorate and two to four years of age. Twenty cows suffered from fever, anorexia, increase in respiratory and heart rates, anemia, pale to icteric mucous membranes and red urine. Babesiosis was diagnosed clinically and confirmed by detection of intra-erythrocytic stages of the Babesia in Giemsa stained blood film, polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) and sequencing of 18S rRNA gene. Hemoparasites were detected in thirteen blood samples by microscopic examination, whereas PCR were positive in twenty. The hematological findings revealed a marked decrease in the erythrocyte count, hematocrit %, hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration with a significant increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume values in Babesia-infected cows when compared with healthy control. On the other hand there was a significant leucopenia and thrombocytopenia along with a significant eosinophilia. The biochemical findings of infected cows revealed a significant increase in activities of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. In contrast a significant decrease in serum levels of total proteins, albumin, globulins, sodium and potassium. While serum bilirubin (total, direct and indirect), urea and creatinine levels were significantly increased. After administration of single I/M imidocarb dipropionate 12% (1.7 mg/kg BW) to Babesia infected cows, there was an improvement in hematological and biochemical parameters. It concluded that molecular detection of B. bigemina more sensitive than blood smear. Treatment infected cows with imidocarb improves the clinical signs, hematological and biochemical parameters that indicate recovery of infected cows.

Key words: babesiosis; cow; erythrogram; imidocarb; PCR; 18S rRNA; Egypt

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC, LAPAROSCOPIC AND SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN IN GOATS (CAPRA HIRCUS)

2018-12-18T11:51:52+01:00

The present study was carried out on nine apparently healthy goats of both sexes, females were non-pregnant and non-lactating. Their weight and age ranged from 28-35 kg and 17 to 24 months, respectively. These goats were divided into three groups; 1) Three were subjected to frozen sagittal section technique, 2) Three underwent computed tomography followed by frozen cross section techniques, and 3) Three were used for laparoscopy. With the aid of these techniques, this study focused on liver and spleen to detect their position, shape and relation with other abdominal organs. Sagittal sectional anatomy was done using right paramedian, left paramedian and midline sagittal sections on the abdomen of goats. The frozen cross sections were compared with CT images at the same level. Laparoscopy was accomplished at three positions; dorsal recumbency, right flank and left flank laparoscopy. The obtained results were presented in plates and anatomical structures of clinical importance were identified and labelled to establish a comprehensive guide for specialists in anatomy, surgery, radiology and veterinary education.

Key words: frozen sections; CT; faparoscopy; hepar; lien; small ruminants

EFFECT OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC FOOD COLORANTS ON SPERMATOGENESIS AND THE EXPRESSION OF ITS CONTROLLING GENES

2018-12-18T12:09:21+01:00

The use of food additives is controversial. However, data regarding their effects on fertility genes are still very sparse. The present study was designed to assess the effects of two coloring agents, carmoisine (synthetic) and curcumin (natural) on the expression of some genes with fertility impact. Sixty three male Sprague-Dawley albino rats were orally administered carmoisine and curcumin in three doses, acceptable daily intake (ADI), 5x- and 10x- ADI for 15, 30, and 45 days. Sperm analysis and testicular expression level of biomarkers Testin, Glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), tyrosine kinase receptor (c-KIT), follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), A kinase anchor protein 3 (PRKA3), spermatogenesis associated 7 (Spata7), Stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA1) genes were measured and supported with histopathological studies on rat testes tissues. The recorded results revealed significant down regulation of the tested genes in rats supplemented with carmoisine in time and dose dependent manner. However, these declines were also observed after treatment with medium and high doses of curcumin. Sperm counts were significantly decreased after carmiosine treatment in a dose dependent manner, it was 74.6±6.36, 74.00±6.63, 49.00±0.28 and 147.00±3.2 for ADI, 5xADI, 10xADI and control group respectively, without any changes after curcumin treatment. Also, histopathological studies indicated deleterious effect with medium and high doses of carmiosine. In Conclusion, carmoisine induced hazardous effects on fertility at different levels when consumed in concentrations higher than the acceptable daily-authorized level (50 mg/kg b.wt). However, curcumin as a natural food color is saver than carmoisine up to certain levels.

Key words: carmoisine; curcumin; spermatogenesis genes; rat testis

INFLUENCE OF STOCKING DENSITY ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE TRAITS, BLOOD CHEMISTRY AND THE EXPRESSION OF HSP70 AND IGF-I GENES IN NEW ZEALAND WHITE RABBITS

2018-11-22T12:34:33+01:00

This research was done to mainfest the effect of stocking density on growth performance traits, blood chemistry and the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) genes in growing New Zealand White rabbits. A total of 75 rabbits at weaning (35 days of age) were randomly assigned into three stocking densities of 12, 20 and 28 rabbits/m² from weaning until 13 weeks of age. Rabbits housed at 28 rabbits/m² had the lowest feed intake, live body weight and body weight gain, but they had the highest feed to gain ratio when compared with the lower densities. Moreover, rabbits housed at 28 rabbits/m² showed the highest serum creatinine, glucose and cortisol levels compared with rabbits housed at 20 and 12 rabbits/m². High stocking density up-regulated the expression of HSP70 gene when compared with the lower densities. Meanwhile, IGF-I mRNA expression was significantly reduced in the rabbits housed at 28 rabbits/m². In conclusion, high stocking densities (28 rabbit/m²) had negative impacts on growth performance traits and the stress-related parameters (serum glucose, cortisol and creatinine). Moreover, the expression of HSP70 gene was increased, with a remarkable reduction in IGF-I gene expression in the high stocking group.

Key words: rabbits; growth performance; HSP70; IGF-I; biochemical parameters

HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS AND TRACE ELEMENTS RESIDUES IN POULTRY MEAT RETAILED IN SHARKIA GOVERNORATE, EGYPT

2018-11-22T12:41:27+01:00

The objective of this study was to estimate the residual concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in muscles and livers of chicken (broilers and layers), turkeys and quails marketed in Egypt. Metal-metal correlations were further analyzed. Moreover, metal’s dietary intake and health risk assessment among Egyptian consumers were calculated. Livers had higher metal residues compared with the muscles in all species examined. The ranges (µg/g ww) of the elemental concentrations in the livers of the examined bird species were 0.03-0.46 (Cu), 1.77-10.33 (Zn), 0.05-1.09 (Pb), 0.02-0.15 (Cd) and 0.13-0.99 (Hg). Such ranges (µg/g ww) in the muscle samples were 0.007-0.60 (Cu), 0.69-4.64 (Zn), 0.01-0.55 (Pb), 0.02-0.13 (Cd) and 0.11-0.94 (Hg). Correlation analysis among metals revealed both tissue-dependent and inter-species differences for the accumulation patterns of metals. The potential risk assessment of all investigated metals in poultry meats revealed no significance risk on Egyptians. However, intake of repetitive small concentrations of metals may lead to severe toxicological implications.

Key words: poultry; heavy metals; risk assessment

EXISTENCE OF VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE AMONG METHICILLIN RESISTANT S. aureus RECOVERED FROM ANIMAL AND HUMAN SOURCES IN EGYPT

2018-11-22T12:47:11+01:00

The increased resistance of vancomycin among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has produced a major formidable threat in the therapeutic field. The current study analyzed the vancomycin resistance traits among MRSA isolates recovered from 148 samples of animal and human origins in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. All staphylococci isolates were examined against 8 antimicrobials and vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were then determined among phenotypic vancomycin resistant and intermediate S. aureus. Furthermore, all vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) isolates were exposed to PCR analysis of mecA and van genes. Herein, 45 of 86 Staphylococcus spp. were identified as S. aureus, while 41 were coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS). A higher incidence rate of S. aureus was observed in meat products (58.06%), but majority of CoNS isolates were isolated from milk samples (54.54%) with no statistical differences (P < 0.05) in the distribution of S. aureus and CoNS among all samples. Oxacillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid recorded the highest resistance percentages among S. aureus (93.33 and 88.89%) and CoNS (75.61 and 87.80%), respectively. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in high proportions of S. aureus (64.4%) and CoNS (34.1%). Forty-two of 45 S. aureus isolates were MRSA, of which 14 were vancomycin resistant with MIC values ranged from 32-1024 µg/mL. PCR detection of mecA and van genes in the tested isolates revealed that they were all mecA gene positive, while 10 out of them had van genes. The vanB gene was found in 5 isolates with higher MICs (64- 256 μg/mL), while vanA gene was detected in 4 isolates with MICs of 128-512 μg/mL and only one isolate harbored both vanA and vanB genes with MIC value of 1024 μg/mL. According to the upsurge of VRSA prevalence rates, more attentions should be oriented for continuous monitoring of antimicrobial usage with the need for effective drugs against VRSA.

Key words: S. aureus; Antibiogram; VRSA; MRSA; mecA; van genes

MORPHOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON PARATHYROID GLAND OF ADULT MALE GOAT (CAPRA HIRCUS)

2018-11-22T12:50:41+01:00

The parathyroid glands are essential endocrine glands as they produce hormones that maintain calcium within the normal level in blood through secretion of parathormone. The removal of parathyroid glands leads to fatal levels of hypocalcemia. The number of parathyroid glands is species specific. The current investigation was performed on 20 healthy freshly slaughtered adult male goats. Fifteen specimens were immediately fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin, then processed for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Other 5 specimens were handled for transmission electron microscope. The present work was conducted to study the morphological and histological characteristics of parathyroid glands of goat. Parathyroid glands comprised of two pairs, each pair formed from external and internal glands. External parathyroid gland was rounded or oval in shape. Its location was varied in the same animal where it may be located cranial to thyroid gland or beside the submandibular salivary gland. Internal parathyroid gland was embedded inside thyroid tissue. It appeared as pale rounded area at the end of cranial part of the right and left thyroid lobe. The histological findings demonstrated that, each parathyroid gland is surrounded by a thin capsule of dense irregular connective tissue. The glandular parenchyma is divided by short thick septa into ill distinct compartments. Each compartment had numerous numbers of chief cells. The active chief cells were polygonal in shape with oval nuclei. Immuno-histochemical findings revealed that they are positively reacted against chromogranin antibody. Electron microscope revealed that the cytoplasm have abundant mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, evenly distributed golgi apparatus and numerous secretory granules. On the contrary, the inactive chief cells have more vacuolated cytoplasm which contains less cell organelles.

Key words: parathyroid gland; chief cells; ultrastructure; chromogranin

BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF GINGER AND/OR GREEN TEA EXTRACTS IN HIGH FAT DIET- INDUCED OBESE RATS

2018-11-22T13:02:10+01:00

The current study was designed to clarify the sequel of administration of green tea and/ or extract of ginger on body weight, lipid profile, some hormones and some fertility variables in high fat diet (HFD) - induced obese rats. The results revealed that treatment of HFD obese rats with ginger extract decreased the elevated body weight (from 530+5.29 to 295+9.11), lee index (from 0.33±0.008 to 0.27±0.004), serum total cholesterol (from 25+2.57 to 187+2.79), triacylglycerol (TAG) (from 201+2.15 to154+1.82), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (from 187.8+3.36 to119.6+2.31), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) (from 40.21+0.12 to 30.8+0.13), leptin (from 7.74+0.05 to 5.66+0.09), luetinzing hormone (LH) (from 0.30+0.006 to 0.19+0.005) and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) (from 0.74+0.128 to 0.52+0.012) levels, but significantly elevated the decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (from 21.40+0.50 to 36.40+0.81), serum testosterone (from 0.84+0.02 to 1.32+0.14), sperm count (from 44.20+2.08 to 65.20+0.54), motility (from 64+1.18 to 75.60+0.81) and normality (from 53.80+1.42 to 67+1.51). Similar results were observed with green tea treatment with minor variations. So, the inclusive outcomes may suggest that extracts of ginger and/ or green tea have a significant hypolipidemic effect with body weight reduction in rats fed high fat diet. In addition, the extracts may be qualified for ameliorative the ruined fertility parameters.

Key words: grean tea; ginger; obesity; lipids; sperm count; leptin

PREVALENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT V. parahaemolyticus AND V. cholerae IN FISH AND HUMANS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VIRULOTYPING AND GENOTYPING OF V. parahaemolyticus

2018-11-22T13:09:33+01:00

This study aimed to investigate prevalence, virulence determinants, antibiogram and genotyping of Vibrio isolates from retail shrimp and tilapia fish as well as stool samples from gastroenteritis patients in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Vibrio spp were molecularly confirmed in 25.5% and 3% of fish and human stool samples, respectively. V. parahaemolyticus was isolated from 8.9%, 5% and 3% of shrimp, tilapia and stool samples, respectively. However, 0.7% of shrimp and 1.7% of tilapia were found to harbor V. cholera. trh and tdh virulence related genes were assessed in 34 V. parahaemolyticus isolates (25 from shrimp, 6 from tilapia and 3 from human stool). The tdh gene alone was recorded in 4 (16%) isolates from shrimp and 2 (66.7%) isolates from human stool. However, trh gene was detected alone in one (4%) isolate from shrimp. Moreover, both genes were detected simultaneously in one shrimp (4%) and one human stool (33.3%). Tilapia fish isolates were negative for both virulence genes. The resistance of the examined isolates were 100% (each of nalidixic acid and erythromycin), 81.6% (sulphamethoxazol), 73.7% (chloramphenicol), However, susceptibilities to gentamicin (81.6%), ciprofloxacin (73.7%) and 71.1% for each ampicillin/sulbactam and amikacin were observed. Multiple drug resistance was recorded in V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae isolates. Out of 38 isolates, 6 (15.8%) were resistant to all 14 antibiotics with MAR index of 1. Twenty of the isolates (52.6%) were resistant to 5-13 drugs with MAR index higher than 0.286. ERIC-PCR fingerprinting revealed five distinct profiles namely E1-E5 and the discriminatory index of the reaction was 0.5107, indicating low discrimination of the technique. In conclusion, this study revealed the contamination of tilapia and shrimp in fish markets with potentially virulent V. parahaemolyticus strains in the study area. Moreover, the presence of human and fish isolates in the cluster indicated the potential of the environmental isolates to cause human infection.

Key words: Vibrio spp.; prevalence; antimicrobial resistance; genotyping; ERIC-PCR

ABSENCE OR PRESENCE OF TAPETUM LUCIDUM: MACRO AND MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS IN DONKEY (EQUUS ASINUS), CAT (FELIS DOMESTICA) AND ONE-HUMPED CAMEL (CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS)

2018-11-22T13:31:05+01:00

For explanation eye-shine phenomenon, we used both eyes of five healthy adult donkeys (Equus asinus), cats (Felis domestica) and one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius). The eyes of a live animal of the three species were photographed under existing light and with a flash. The donkey's pupils appeared black centrally situated and horizontal in direction at daylight. Under flash, the light condensed centrally and the color changed to green or blue. The cat's pupils were oval vertically slit-like and colored yellow to red orange under flash. The camel's pupils characterized by presence of a small centrally spot of light with flash. Tapetum of the donkey was horizontal triangular in shape under the weak light colored indigo with dark blue spots changed into semicircular appearance under strong light. In the cat, Tapetum appeared semicircular in outline with yellow color under weak and strong light. The fundus of camel appeared divided into dark proximal half and lighter distal one under the weak light. Under flash, the two halves appeared transparent white. Microscopically, Tapetum lucidum of the donkey was fibrous in its texture while in cat, it was cellular. In camel, there was a brush's membrane and no Tapetum lucidum. In donkey, the thickness of the tapetal tissue and the degree of pigmentation in the retinal epithelium differed according to the region of Tapetum. The thick tapetal tissue and the unpigmented retinal epithelium combination created the greater reﬂectance of light. So the absence or presence of Tapetum, the tapetal tissue thickness, the degree of pigmentation in the retinal epithelium and the degree of illumination controlled the eye-shine phenomenon.

Key words: eye-shine; Tapetum fibrosum; Tapetum cellulosum; brush's membrane; choriocapillaries

COMBINATION OF GLICLAZIDE DRUG AND LUPIN SEEDS POWDER ALLEVIATE HYPERGLYCEMIA ON INDUCED-DIABETIC RATS RECEIVING HIGH-FAT HIGH FRUCTOSE/SUCROSE DIET

2018-11-22T13:36:28+01:00

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases in the world. Hyperglycemia and lipoprotein abnormalities are the characteristic clinical finding of DM. The most common legume food used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes is lupin seeds powder. The aim of current research is to analyze the therapeutic effects of the combination of both hypoglycemic drug (Gliclazide) and lupin seeds powder on some biochemical parameters (serum blood glucose, serum insulin, glyclated hemoglobin and total lipid profile) and also on mRNA expression level of Glucokinase, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), Insulin and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma (PPAR-γ) genes using relative quantitative PCR. In this study, thirty zucker male rats were divided into two groups: normal control group (six rats) and the other group expose to induce type2 DM by high-fat high fructose/sucrose diet. The diabetic groups were sub classified into 4groups (6 rats in each group), one group diabetic control and the rest was treated with Gliclazide (10mg/kg),combination of Gliclazide(10mg/kg) and lupin seeds powder (1gm/kg) and lupin seeds powder (1gm/kg) only. Combination between Gliclazide (10mg/kg) and lupin seeds powder (1gm/kg) daily for 4 weeks resulted in significant decrease in blood glucose level, glyclated hemoglobin and dyslipidemia (p<0.05), also results in significant increase (P<0.05) in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-c) (90.66±3.8), insulin level(4.9±0.058). Also the combination of Gliclazide (10mg/kg) and lupin seeds powder (1gm/kg) tends to return biochemical parameters, lipid profile (triacylglycerol 77±3.05, total cholesterol 132±2) and the transcription of mRNA metabolic genes to normal levels ( Glucokinase 1.4±0.1, insulin 1.48±0.25, PEPCK 0.49±0.25, PPAR-γ 3.1±0.2 ) more than the treatment with Gliclazide drug only, in type 2 diabetic rats. It is concluded that, the combination of Gliclazide hypoglycemic drug and lupin seeds powder has the most hypoglycemic effect when compared to other groups.

Key words: type2 diabetes mellitus; high-fat high fructose/sucrose diet; gliclazide; lupin seeds; total cholesterol

EFFECT OF DIETARY BETAINE AND LOW METHIONINE ON MULARD DUCK PERFORMANCE, BLOOD PARAMETERS AND LIPOGENESIS GENE EXPRESSION

2018-11-22T13:45:59+01:00

The effects of dietary methionine and betaine (Bet) on productive performance, blood biochemical parameters and mRNA expression levels of fat acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), were investigated in Mulard ducks which raised in summer season. Three hundred one-day old healthy Mulard ducklings with similar body weight were randomly distributed into six groups with five replicates per treatment and ten ducks per replicate. Six diets were prepared as following: control diet (C); low methionine diet (ML); diet supplemented with Bet (0.25% Bet); diet supplemented with Bet (0.5% Bet); diet supplemented with 0.25% Bet and low in methionine (0.25% Bet + ML); diet supplemented with 0.5% Bet and low in methionine (0.5% Bet + ML). Regarding allover growth performance results revealed that increasing dietary Bet significantly increased (P<0.05) body gain of ducks by 13% when compared with the control diet, moreover both groups fed on 0.5% Bet and 0.5%Bet +ML diet exhibited the improved feed conversion ratio (1.88 and 1.93, respectively) when compared with control (2.13) and ML (2.29) groups. Inclusion of Bet either in control or ML diet significantly increased carcass yield, breast and thigh meat yield percent and decreased breast, thigh skin and abdominal fat percent. Nutrient digestibility was improved by adding Bet even in ML diet. Serum total lipids, triglycerides and total cholesterol constituents were significantly decreased in all group supplemented with Bet. Dietary Bet significantly decreased (P<0.05) mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-coA carboxylase genes, this decline was more obvious in control group with Bet than in ML with Bet. In conclusion, the role of Bet in ML diet was clear by improving productive performance of ducks, thus Bet can partially replace methionine in duck’s diet.

Key words: Betaine; methionine; performance; carcass; lipogenesisgenes; Mulard ducklings

PREVALENCE OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus AND Salmonella Enteritidis IN MEAT PRODUCTS RETAILED IN ZAGAZIG CITY, EGYPT

2018-11-22T13:55:28+01:00

This study aimed to monitor the hygienic status of fresh minced meat, smoked sausage and fresh beef burger (50 samples, each) retailed in Zagazig city, Egypt. Aerobic plate count, total Staphylococcus aureus count and most probable number of coliforms have been conducted. The prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility as well as detection of the drug resistance associated virulence genes of S. aureus (mecA, blaZ, and aac (6') aph (2'')) and Salmonella species (blaTEM, tetA(A), and floR) in the examined meat products have been carried out. The highest mean (log₁₀ cfu/g) of aerobic plate counts (5.44±0.11) and most probable number (4.15±0.10-log10 MPN/g) were recorded in minced meat. However, the highest mean of S. aureus counts (3.47±0.12-log10 cfu/g) was recorded in beef burger. Aerobic plate counts, most probable number and S. aureus counts exceeded the recommendations of Egypt Organization for Standardization by (20, 4 and 16%), (14, 12 and 20%) and (50, 10 and 20%) in minced meat, sausage and beef burger, respectively. Salmonella Enteritidis was detected in 4 (8%) beef burger. However, S. aureus was isolated from minced meat and beef burger (5 samples, each, 10%) and 4 sausage samples (8%). mecA, blaZ and aac(6’)aph(2”) were detected in all S. aureus isolates. blaTEM, tetA(A) and florR were detected in the all S. Enteritidis isolates. In conclusion, the achieved results revealed inadequate hygienic measures adopted during preparation of such meat products. Therefore, strict hygienic practices should be followed before serving such products to consumers.

Key words: S. aureus; Salmonella Enteritidis; drug resistance; meat products

MONITORING OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS COLLECTED FROM SOME LOCALITIES IN EGYPT

2018-11-22T14:05:32+01:00

Tilapia nilotica (Oreochomis niloticus) is the major fish species consumed in Egypt, particularly due to its high nutritive value, palatability and relatively low price compared with other kinds of fishes or red meat. In Egypt, tilapia fish is caught directly from river Nile or cultured in a specified aquaculture. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been extensively used in Egypt and many African countries in the past century for the control of the agricultural pests. A major character of OCPs is their persistent bio-accumulation in the environment, especially in the food chain, where they can get reach to humans. There is few reports had investigated the current scenario of OCPs contamination in fish in Egypt, particularly in Upper Egypt cities such as Sohag. Additionally, fish is consumed cooked in Egypt not raw like many Asian countries. Therefore, this study aimed at monitoring the residue levels of different OCPs in tilapia fish caught from Upper Egypt (Sohag) and compared with either that from northern part of Egypt (Damietta) or with fish cultured in a control location (Abbasa). Additionally, the effect of different cooking methods (boiling, grilling and pan-frying) on the residue levels of OCPs was investigated. The tested OCPs included pp-DDT and its metabolites pp-DDD and pp-DDE; hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) including α HCH and γ HCH; heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide; aldrin and endrin; chlordane, methoxychlor and hexachloride benzene and were detected using electron capture gas chromatography equipped with Ni63 – electron capture detector. The recorded results revealed that tilapia collected from Damietta had the highest incidence of OCPs’ contamination (75%), over than that collected from Sohag (60%) compared to control value (35%). All examined samples had OCPs residues within the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) set by world health organization. Pan-frying had the highest reduction effect on the OCPs’ residues followed by grilling and boiling. The public health significance of the examined OCPs was also discussed.

Key words: Tilapia; organochlorine pesticides; cooking methods; Egypt

INFLUENCE OF GAMETE CO-INCUBATION TIME, SIRE AND SPECIAL ADDITIVES ON THE IN VITRO FERTILIZATION OF CUMULUS-ENCLOSED OR DENUDED BUFFALO OOCYTES

2018-11-22T14:26:55+01:00

The present study was designed to investigate the influence of cumulus removal before the in vitro fertilization step and the impact of co-incubation time, sire, and additives to the fertilization medium on the efficiency of in vitro fertilization of buffalo oocytes. In vitro matured oocytes were fertilized either as cumulus-oocyte complex (COCs) or after removal of cumulus cells (denuded). Cumulus-enclosed or denuded oocytes were co-incubated with sperm cells for 6, 12 or 18 h (experiment 1), fertilized with sperm cells from one of three sires (experiment 2) or fertilized in medium supplemented with 20µg∕ml heparin, 5 mM theophylline or a mixture 20µM penicillamine, 10µM hypotaurine and 1 µM epinephrine (PHE) (experiment 3). In all experiments, a group of oocytes was fixed and stained to evaluate the fertilization pattern (penetration, normal and abnormal fertilization rates) and the rest were cultured up to 8 days to assess the developmental competence (cleavage and blastocyst yield). In all experiments, removal of cumulus cells before fertilization step significantly retarded the fertilization pattern and the developmental competence. Various co-incubation times did not significantly influence the fertilization pattern or the developmental competence of denuded or COCs. However, 6 h tended to decrease the abnormal fertilization (15.74±1.70 vs 28.46±6.06, P=0.069) and to improve the blastocyst/oocyte (11.70±3.41 vs 5.53±1.75) and the blastocyst/cleavage (27.14±6.19 vs 11.98±3.81, P=0.082) when compared with 18 h. Sperm cells from the three sires resulted in similar fertilization pattern and developmental competence in COCs and denuded oocytes. In COCs and denuded oocytes, PHE tended to improve the blastocyst/oocyte (7.44±2.58 vs 14.67±4.29) and blastocyst/cleavage (18.43±6.08 vs 33.13±9.27) in comparison to heparin (P˃0.05). Thus, none of the investigated factors could counteract the adverse effect of cumulus removal otherwise, the addition of PHE showed promising results but it need further investigations.

Key words: cumulus; co-incubation time; additives; fertilization pattern; developmental competence

DETECTION OF DNA ALTERATIONS IN MUSCOVY DUCKS (CAIRINA MOSCHATA) NATURALLY INFECTED WITH HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS SUBTYPE H5N1

2018-12-16T20:58:48+01:00

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 is circulating in Egypt since 2006, with escalating apprehension about its possibility to become more transmissible amongst humans. In this study, three serial outbreaks of HPAIV H5N1 in domestic Muscovy ducks in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt were investigated. Nervous signs with 62% mortality were observed in Muscovy ducklings. Gross examination revealed severely congested meningeal vessels, hemorrhages on the duodenum, pancreas, and coronary fat. Perivascular lymphocytic cuffing, gliosis and vacuolation of the neuropil were observed in the brain microscopically. Viral antigens were identified in the neurons and the glial cells of the cerebral cortex, submucosal Meissner's plexus neurons of the intestine and the hepatic Kupffer cells by immunohistochemistry. The HPAIV subtype H5N1 was isolated from different duck tissues in 66.7% of examined duck samples. Using RAPD-PCR fingerprinting, there were different patterns in the DNA of Muscovy ducks naturally infected with AIV (24, 48 and 72 hours post appearance of clinical signs) compared to uninfected birds. Differences in RAPD-PCR profiles between infected and uninfected ducks, and genomic instability percent (37.7%±1.76) pointed to the incidence of DNA alterations induced at 24 hours following the appearance of clinical signs. Further in vivo and in vitro experiments need to be done to determine the relative importance of these findings.

Key words: GTS %; H5N1; RAPD-PCR; Egypt

ASPROSIN: A NOVEL BIOMARKER OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

2018-12-16T22:09:46+01:00

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has a deadly toll on human health. Therefore, more attention needs to be paid for the creation of biomarker to indicate the newly diagnostic type 2 diabetes and effective therapy. It well known that adipose tissue of mammals can store energy and secrete such hormones. Therefore, obesity is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Recently, newly identified glucogenic hormone named “asprosin” has been developed in white adipose tissue, encoded by the gene Fibrillin 1 (Fbn1). Fbn1 is a 230-kb gene with 65 coding exons. These exons encode a 2,871-amino-acid long proprotein called proFibrillin which is proteolytically cleaved near its C-terminus by the enzyme furin convertase to give Fbn1, a member of the fibrillin family, in addition the 140-amino-acid long protein hormone asprosin. It has a metabolic role during fasting condition as it induces liver to secrete glucose for maintaining homeostasis as well as centrally stimulates appetite. It was reported that plasma asprosin concentrations increased in human/mice with type 2 diabetes compared with controls. However, it was significantly reduced in patients with neonatal progeriod syndrome who had characteristic features of low appetite and extreme leanness. This syndrome is due to the truncated mutation in Fbn1. Although the great biological role of asprosin in vivo, it still limited in research, particularly in the therapy of type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to provide an overview of asprosin and its possibility to be used as a novel biomarker of type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Key words: Asprosin; type 2 diabetes mellitus; Fbn1 gene

PREVALENCE OF SHIGA TOXIGENIC AND MULTI DRUG RESISTANT Escherichia coli IN READY TO EAT CHICKEN PRODUCTS' SANDWICHES

2018-12-16T22:14:47+01:00

Ready to eat (RTE) chicken products are known for their popularity among people from different age groups in Egypt. Two hundred and fifty samples of RTE chicken sandwiches represented by chicken fajitas, shawarma, burger, pane and luncheon (50 for each) were collected and examined for prevalence, virulence and resistance of Escherichia coli being one of the most important enteropathogens worldwide. The obtained results declared the presence of E. coli in 42, 34, 30, 26 and 14% of the examined samples, respectively. The isolates were found to belong to different E. coli pathotypes such as enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic, enterotoxigenic and enteroinasive and were positive for serious virulence genes (Stx1, Stx2 and eaeA). Moreover, the isolates were tested for their resistance against fourteen commonly used antimicrobials in order to determine their resistance patterns which consequently would reflect their public health significance as well as the degree of drug misuse within the food production chain.

Key words: E. coli; antimicrobial resistance; STEC; chicken products; diarrheal diseases

GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS TRAITS AND ECONOMIC VALUES OF PEKIN, MUSCOVY, AND MULARD DUCKS

2018-12-16T22:27:50+01:00

This study aimed to reconnoiter breed variations in productivity, traits of carcass, economic rate, and IGF-1 gene regulation for meat production among Pekin, Muscovy, and Mulard ducks. A 10-week trial was conducted, using 120 ducklings (2-week old) that were divided into three groups based on breed. Each breed was kept in a separate group, divided into four replicates of 10 birds each. Muscovy ducks exhibited superior body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dressing and breast percentage compared to the other breeds (P˂0.001). The highest percentage of crude protein was observed in the meat of Mulard ducks leg (23.17) and breast (50.55), and in Muscovy breast meat (51.04). Pekin ducks yielded a significantly higher (P˂0.001) leg and breast fat content (6.27, 6.40 respectively) than Muscovy (4.58, 4.26 respectively) or Mulard ducks (4.13, 3.88 respectively). Notably, Muscovy ducks in comparison to the other breeds yielded the highest gross margin ($1.12) and lowest budget to produce 1kg of live body weight ($2.08) (P= 0.004). Furthermore, hepatic IGF-1 and IGF1R expression was higher in the Muscovy breed than in the other breeds. These genes increase the growth and development of muscles. Therefore, the Muscovy ducks are generally superior in terms of performance, carcass traits, and economic values.

Key words: duck breeds; performance; carcass merits; costs; IGF-1; IGF-1R

PREVALENCE OF ENTEROTOXIGENIC AND MULTI-DRUG-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus IN READY TO EAT MEAT SANDWICHES

2018-12-16T22:32:41+01:00

Due to recent spread of multiple drug resistant pathogens, this study was peformed to investigate the presence of multi-drug resistant enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in some ready to eat meat products (RTE). For this, one hundred and forty samples of ready to eat meat sandwiches were collected from restaurants and street vendors in Zagazig city, Egypt. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important food poisoning bacteria in RTE. The counts were 3.31 ± 0.49, 2.86 ± 0.36, 3.28 ± 0.24, 3.92 ± 0.41, 2.52 ± 0.11, 3.64 ± 0.39 and 3.12 ± 0.35 log₁₀CFU/g in examined kofta, luncheon, burger, shawarma, hawawshi, liver and sausage sandwiches, respectively. The examined sandwiches were categorized into good (32.1%), acceptable (32.9%), unsatisfactory (26.4%) and potentially hazard (8.6%). About 72.7 % of examined S. aureus strains carry one or more staphylococcal enterotoxin (se) genes and mecA gene detected in 81.8% of coagulase positive S. aureus. The antibiogram showed that 100% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to kanamycin, 92% for penicillin and neomycin, 84% for oxacillin and erythromycin and 68% for ampicillin and nalidixic acid. The average of multi-antibiotic resistant (MAR) index of isolated S. aureus was 0.59. Moreover, five isolates were resistant to all tested antibiotic.

Key words: Staphylococcus aureus; methicillin resistant; enterotoxin; ready to eat

POSSIBLE ANALGESIC, 1ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-ULCEROGENIC EFFECTS OF Alhagi maurorum METHANOLIC EXTRACT IN RATS AND MICE

2018-12-16T22:38:29+01:00

Alhagi maruroum, a species of family leguminosae, has high contents of flavonoids, triterpenes, sterols and glycosides. It is a woody perennial herb that was used in the folk medicine for gastric disturbance, rheumatic pains, liver disease and urinary tract infection. This study was designed to spot the light on some pharmacological activities of Alhagi maurorum. The fresh aerial parts of the plant were washed, dried at room temperature, crushed into fine powder, extracted with 80% methanol for three days with frequent agitation, filtrated and dried by rotatory evaporator under reduced pressure at 45°C. The concentrated filtrate then was lyophilized in lyophilizer. The extract was tested for some pharmacological activities (analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic) in rats and mice. The current results proved that administration of Alhagi maurorum aqueous methanolic extract in mice at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg BW exhibited analgesic effect that was noticed from a significant elevation in the reaction time of mice in a dose dependent manner when compared to the control mice by using hot plate method. Moreover, Alhagi maurorum aqueous methanolic extract demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect by using hind paw edema method in rats as confirmed by a significant dose dependent reduction in the thickness of the hind paw edema compared with the control group. Additionally, administration of Alhagi extract elicited a significant improvement in gastric damage induced by indomethacin in rats where mean ulcer score in alhagi 200 and alhagi 400 groups was 1.25±0.045 and 0.25±0.004, respectively compared with 1.75±0.054 of indomethacin group. It could be deduced from those results that Alhagi maurorum aqueous methanolic extract owns analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiulcerogenic activities.

Key words: Alhagi maurorum; aqueous methanolic extract; analgesic; anti-inflammatory; anti-ulcerogenic

VIRULENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE GENES OF Escherichia coli IN READY TO EAT SANDWICHES IN SHARKIA GOVERNORATE

2018-12-16T22:51:13+01:00

Ready to eat food has been associated with some epidemics of foodborne illness all over the world. This study was designed to evaluate the microbial quality of ready to eat (RTE) sandwiches in Sharkia Governorate with special reference to virulence and antibiotic resistance genes of Escherichia coli (E. coli). One hundred and eighty RTE sandwiches containing meat (shawerma, kofta, sausage and hawawshi), chicken (chicken shawerma, pane, shish tawook, grilled chicken) and fish (grilled Tilapia nilotica, grilled Mugel cephalus, fried shrimp and fried fillet), fifteen of each were randomly collected from restaurants in Sharkia Governorate. Bacteriological examination revealed that the mean values of aerobic plate count (APC) ranged from 1.23×10⁴ to 8.4×10⁵ CFU/g and of total coliform count indicated by most probable number (MPN/g) ranged from 0.09×10²to 6.95×10². E. coli percentages ranged from 6.7% to 26.7%. Serotyping of E. coli strains revealed five serotypes (O₁₅₃: H₂, O₇₈, O₁₂₇: H₆, O₉₁: H₂₁ and O₂₆: H₁₁) by different percentages, O₂₆: H₁₁ was the most common one (31.6%) and O₁₅₃: H₂ was the lowest one (5.3%). All recorded isolates showed 100% antibiotic resistant to both erythromycin and amoxicillin – clavulanic acid. It was further found that eaeA gene present in all isolated serotypes except O₁₅₃: H₂while Shiga toxin (Stx1 and Stx2) were not detected at all, also found that resistant E. coli isolates to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and erythromycin possessed bla_TEM, mph_A resistance genes (100%). Current results point to that RTE sandwiches in Sharkia Governorate are potential vehicles of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli among other possible foodborne pathogens with public health significance.

Key words: ready-to-eat; aerobic plate count; E. coli; coliform; resistance genes

PIGEON AND FOWL HEARTS: A COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL (TROPONIN T) STUDY

2018-12-16T22:57:15+01:00

Similar to mammals, the avian heart is a muscular pump responsible for distributing blood throughout the body. However, a larger relative heart weight to body weight (RHW/BW) was reported in birds than mammals. Furthermore, it has been revealed that smaller birds specially flying one have relatively larger hearts (relative to body mass) than larger birds (non-flying). Although this fact, there are no literatures regarding comparative descriptive variations of the heart in flying and non-flying birds that could adapt various functions, such as flying and running. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a comparative anatomical features and morphometrical measurments between the hearts of pigeon and fowl. The present study also analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of Troponin T (TnT) as one of the major regulator of striated muscle contraction. The study revealed significant larger RHW/BW in pigeon heart. Furthermore, the hearts of both fowl and pigeon are directed caudoventrally in the cranial part of thoracoabdominal cavity, however, a more oblique position nearly parallel to the sternum was observed in pigeon`s hearts. Interestingly, the mean morphometric values (length of both cranial and caudal borders, diameter of the base, and thickness of both right and left ventricular wall and interventricular septum) of the pigeon hearts showed significant higher differences than that of fowl. Additionally, more expression of TnT was observed in pigeon hearts. Therefore, our findings suggest that such morphological and immunological varities are possibly essential factors for providing intense ventricular contraction of the pigeon`s heart to cover the high metabolic requirments for flight.

Key words: fowl; heart; pigeon; immunohistochemistry; troponin T

EFFECT OF SANGUINARINE PHYTOBIOTIC, SODIUM BUTYRATE COMPARED TO AMPICILLIN ON CONTROLLING NECROTIC ENTERITIS IN BROILER CHICKENS

2018-12-16T23:03:38+01:00

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Sanguinarine phytobiotic, Sodium butyrate compared to ampicillin in treatment of Clostridium perfringens infection in broiler chickens with a special reference to their effects on growth performance, hematobiochemical and immunological profile. A total of 150 one-day old Cobb broiler chicks were used in this study. On day 14^th of age all chicks were divided into 5 equal groups (30 each). Group (G1) non-infected, non-treated (control), G2 infected with C. perfringens, non treated, G3 infected, treated with Sodium butyrate, G4 infected and treated with Sanguinarine phytobiotic and G5 infected and treated with ampicillin. Administration of drugs in drinking water was continued for 5 days from 18-23 day of age. The results revealed that the infected broiler chickens with C. perfringens and non treated(G2) showed clinical signs of necrotic enteritis represented by loss of appetite, diarrhea, dehydration, anorexia in addition to a recorded mortality rate 30% and lesion score 80%. Moreover, significant reduction (P<0.05) in body weight, weight gain, erythrogram, phagocytosis and phagocytic index, Nitric oxide, HI titers, total protein, albumin and total globulin beside significant increase (P<0.05) in feed conversion rate (FCR), leukogram, liver enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase (AST-ALT and ALP), uric acid and creatinine associated with non-significant increase (P<0.05) in globulin fractions were observed. Treatment of the infected chickens with these drugs led to improvement in clinical signs, mortality rate, lesion score, growth performance, hematobiochemical and immunological profile compared with infected non treated birds (G2), but ampicillin had superior effect against Costridium perfringes infection. It could be concluded that C. perfringens infection in broiler chickens induced adverse effects on growth performance, hemato-biochemical and immumological profile of birds which could be reversed or ameliorated by using Sanguinarine phytobiotic, Sodium butyrate or ampicillin. So, the study recommended the use of such treatments hand in hand with antibiotics for controlling necrotic enteritis in broilers.

Key words: necrotic enteritis; Sodium butyrate; phytobiotic; ampicillin

THE AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF ALKANNA ORIENTALIS EXTRACT AGAINST CERASTES CERASTES VENOM HEPATIC AND HEMATOLOGICAL TOXICITY

2018-12-16T23:10:27+01:00

Cerastes cerastes is the most abundant venomous snakes of the North Africa, envenoming by it inflicts local tissue damage, hemorrhage and causing severe systemic toxicity that usually lead to victim death. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of Cerastes cerastes venom on male albino rats and the ameliorative and prophylaxis role of Alkanna orientalis extract against venom toxicity. Forty-eight adult male albino rats (180±200g) were divided into 6 groups. Group I injected intraperitonial with physiological saline (100μl). Group II with Alkanna orientalis extract (250mg/kg/BW). Group III was injected with 1/10 LD₅₀ of Cerastes cerastes venom (0.435mg/kg/BW). Group IV injected with Cerastes Cerastes venom (0.435mg/kg/BW) then immediately with Alkanna orientalis extract. Group V was given Alkanna orientalis extract orally (250mg/kg/b.wt) then after 2 hours injected with Cerastes cerastes venom (0.435 mg/kg/BW) Group VI was injected with Cerastes cerastes venom then was injected immediately with antivenom immunoglobulin (300μl). Group III showed a significant increase (p<0.001) in serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total &direct bilirubin as well as a significant decrease(p<0.001) in plasma prothrombin and partial thromboplastin concentration, plasma albumin, total protein, serum cholinesterase, hemoglobin, red blood cells and platelets count as compared with control group. In addition, it resulted in internal abdominal cavity hemorrhage. While, group II did not show any significant change in all previous parameters. As well as, Alkanna orientalis extract when given intraperitonial immediately or orally 2 hours before Cerastes cerastes venom as antidote, it minimize the alterations of hematological, biochemical parameters and the internal hemorrhage. By comparing groups IV and V with group VI, we found out that Alkanna orientalis extract could be considered more effective antidote than antivenom immunoglobulin for Cerastes cerastes venom toxicity. In conclusion, Alkanna orientalis extract showed a new therapeutic and prophylaxis agents against Cerastes cerastes venom toxicity.

Key words: Cerastes cerastes; Alkanna orientalis; Boraginaceae family; venom toxicity; haematological effect

A REVIEW ON METABOLIC SYNDOME: BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS

2018-11-22T16:10:43+01:00

In the last few years, the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has attracted increased attention. Metabolic syndrome defined as a group of interconnected biochemical, physiological, metabolic and clinical risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and inflammation that lead to many fatal diseases as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review tends to go over the main points of the essential mechanisms involved in induction models of MetS by diet regimen based on high-fat high fructose/sucrose (HFHF) added to normal chow. Management of metabolic syndrome should undergo several axes such as increasing physical activity, modification of lifestyle and healthy food besides. Moreover, medications can be used to control the symptoms of different disease related to metabolic syndrome. Finally, we can conclude that the main and prevalent risk factors for the pathophysiology of Metabolic Syndrome are Insulin resistant, abdominal obesity. Also, physical inactivity and chronic inflammation which provide a possible explanation of the cause of the metabolic syndrome until now which designates the energetic relationship between a number of contributing factors.

Key words: metabolic syndrome; diabetes mellitus; insulin resistance; obesity

RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF TRAMADOL ABUSE

2018-11-22T15:55:44+01:00

In the Egyptian community, tramadol abuse is considered an increasingly alarming phenomenon. The popularity and massive use of tramadol especially among Egyptian youth contribute to alleged usages for treatment of premature ejaculation also for the extension of orgasm and also increase sexual pleasure as it available in many online drug media and stores. However, this abuser life on a blade of a knife and is susceptible to another sexual dysfunction, memory and learning disorder and different metabolic disorders. This literature consults the phenomenon of tramadol abuse and its relation to sexual function, memory learning disorder and other metabolic disorders. It could be concluded that the increase in the prevalence of tramadol HCl dependency over other substances in the Egyptian community, calls for paying more attention from family, health and educational institutes. Tramadol may apply a very useful intervention for treating premature ejaculation, but its abuse bad effect may supply a possible demonstration for the unexplained delayed fertility as well as behavioral and the associated psychological changes. Also it could involve malfunction of the cerebral cortex which includes deficits in memory and the reduction in cognitive function which appeared in chronic abusers of tramadol.

Key words: tramadol; abuse; apoptosis; oxidative stress; cognitive

DETERMINATION OF MINOCYCLINE RESIDUES IN CHICKENS USING HPLC

2018-11-22T15:49:53+01:00

Residues of veterinary drugs in poultry meat have serious health effects on humans (e.g., increase antimicrobial resistance, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and hypersensitivity) which make the control of veterinary drug residues an important parameter in ensuring consumer protection. This work was performed to quantitatively determine minocycline residues in different tissues of chickens (kidneys, liver, muscles and fat) and sera following multiple oral doses of the drug using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, the study aimed to estimate the withdrawal time of this drug in chicken tissues. Twenty five healthy chicks (Cobb 500) were used. Twenty one chickens were given minocycline directly into the stomach at a dosage of 7 mg/kg body weight once daily for five successive days. Samples were analyzed at 1^st, 3^rd, 7^th, 14^th, 21^st and 28^thday after last oral dose. The results indicated a widespread distribution of minocycline in the tissue samples, which remained within the detectable limit till the 3^rd day (49.20-135.20 µg/kg) in all tested tissues. While in kidneys, minocycline remained till the 7^thday (11.80µg/kg) following the last oral administration of the drug. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to the proper withdrawal periods before marketing to ensure the hygienic suitability of broilers edibles for safe human consumption.

Key words: minocycline; residues; chickens; HPLC

STEM CELLS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE – FROM BIOLOGY TO CLINIC

2018-12-16T23:17:42+01:00

Mesenchymal stem cells are adult stem cells found in different adult tissues such as adipose tissue, bone marrow, and also in umbilical blood. Mesenchymal stem cells are capable of differentiation into bone, cartilage and adipose tissue, and several reports also suggest that mesenchymal stem cells might be capable of transdifferentiation into muscle and neural cells. In addition to differentiation potential, mesenchymal stem cells might have other beneficial properties for pathological processes and studies in recent years suggest that mesenchymal stem cells have immunomodulatory, antiinflamatory and trophic actions, contributing to the healing processes in injured/diseased tissues. Osteorthritis is a chronic, progressive disorder with debilitating effects in both animals and humans. It is particularly common in some dog breeds, but also fairly common in humans. Currently, there is no cure for such conditions, but studies in recent years in both human and veterinary medicine suggest that mesenchymal stem cells might have beneficial effect on chronic osteoarthritis. In our laboratory, we have developed a novel method of treating osteoarthritis using autologous adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells in dogs and horses. Stem cells are collected from patients’ adipose tissue, prepared in the laboratory and injected directly into affected joint(s). To prove the efficacy if this method, we have performed blind placebo study in dogs with bilateral osteoarthritis in knees, by treating one knee with stem cells and other knee with placebo (buffer used for cell delivery). Results of clinical examination revealed beneficial effect of stem cell treatment in osteoarthritic knees and x-ray imaging, and although with some limitations, results do suggest that degenerative processes in the knees treated with stem cells were limited or even reversed by the application of stem cells. Stem cells hold a great promise for the future of regenerative medicine, both veterinary and human, however, many questions about their use, potential and efficacy remain open and these will have to be studied and answered in the future years.

Key words: dog; horse; stem cells; veterinary medicine

PREVALENCE, ANTIBIOGRAM AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Aeromonas hydrophila ISOLATED FROM FROZEN FISH MARKETED IN EGYPT

2018-11-22T15:16:03+01:00

Fish is one of the most important foods because of its high nutritional value, high palatability and easy digestion. On the same time, it acts as a vehicle for many types of pathogenic microorganisms especially Aeromonas spp., which results in public health hazards. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of Aeromonas spp. in frozen fish (mackerel, herrings and fish fillets) marketed in Zagazig city, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. In addition, multiplex PCR was done to detect some virulence-associated genes in A. hydrophila isolates. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of A. hydrophila isolates to the commonly used antimicrobials in Egypt including cephalothin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulphamethoxazol, oxytetracycline, cloxacillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, erythromycin, streptomycin and neomycin was conducted using the disc diffusion method. The achieved results indicated contamination of frozen fish with different species of Aeromonas such as A. veronii, A. sobria, A. caviae and A. hydrophila. A. veronii was the predominant species isolated from the examined fish; its prevalence rates in mackerel, fish fillets and herrings were 62.5, 50 and 45%, respectively. A. sobria came second; it was isolated only from herrings (30%) and fish fillets (16.7%). The prevalence rates of A. hydrophila in mackerel, fillets and herrings were 12.5, 33.3 and 10%, respectively; while A. caviae was isolated only from mackerel (25%) and herrings (15%). The isolated A. hydrophila harbored some virulence attributes such as aerolysin (aerA) and haemolysin (ahh1). A. hydrophila isolates were resistant to different antimicrobial agents used in Egypt including cloxacillin, erythromycin and streptomycin (100% each); cefotaxime and sulphamethoxazol (80% each); and cephalothin, chloramphenicoland oxytetracycline (60% each); while it was sensitive to ampicillin (80%) and gentamicin (60%). Therefore, hygienic measures should be adopted to control the microbial contamination either in the aquatic environment or in fish markets.

Key words: fish; A. hydrophila; virulence genes; antibiotic sensitivity